陈金瀚,赵聪聪,刘伟

• 1:清华大学材料学院
• 2:季华实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

为了实现激光粉末床熔化技术（Laser Powder Bed Fusion,LPBF）成形钨的裂纹抑制，本研究通过添加铼元素和碳元素，成功制备了W-21Re-C合金，并对其成形性、微观组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果发现，LPBF制备W-21Re-C合金的成形窗口较窄，并存在一定数量的孔洞和裂纹缺陷，但相较于纯钨裂纹有所减少。LPBF成形W-21Re-C合金中形成了大量六方W_2C亚结构，在快速凝固的作用下，体系中微纳尺度亚结构呈现为枝晶结构和胞状结构。合金中铼元素主要以固溶形式存在于钨基体中，W_2C亚结构的枝晶臂间隙和胞壁处也存在一定的铼元素偏聚。在铼对钨基体固溶强化和W_2C胞状结构的共同作用下，LPBF成形W-21Re-C合金的显微硬度显著高于良好LPBF成形的纯钨。

关键词(KeyWords)： 激光粉末床熔化;钨-铼-碳;亚结构;碳化二钨;裂纹

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金（52001135;51971115）;; 季华实验室青年创新基金（X201101XG200）

作者(Author): 陈金瀚,赵聪聪,刘伟

参考文献(References)：

• [1]DONCHEV A,MENGIS L,COURET A,et al.Effects of tungsten alloying and fluorination on the oxidation behavior of intermetallic titanium aluminides for aerospace applications[J].Intermetallics,2021,139:107270.
• [2]SHENOY U S,GOUTHAM K D,BHAT D K.Resonance states and hyperconvergence induced by tungsten doping in Sn Te:Multiband transport leading to a propitious thermoelectric material[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2022,905:164146.
• [3]刘凤，罗广南，李强，等.钨在核聚变反应堆中的应用研究[J].中国钨业，2017,32(2):41-48.LIU Feng,LUO Guangnan,LI Qiang,et al.Application of tungsten as a plasma-facing material in nuclear fusion reactor[J].China Tungsten Industry,2017,32(2):41-48.
• [4]MORALES R,AUNE R E,GRINDER O,et al.The powder metallurgy processing of refractory metals and alloys[J].JOM,2003,55(10):20-23.
• [5]MATěJí?EK J,VEVERKA J,YIN C,et al.Spark plasma sintered tungsten-mechanical properties,irradiation effects and thermal shock performance[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2020,542:152518.
• [6]LIAN Y,LIU X,CHENG Z,et al.Thermal shock performance of CVD tungsten coating at elevated temperatures[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2014,455(1/3):371-375.
• [7]DUSHIK V V,ROZHANSKII N V,LIFSHITS V O,et al.The formation of tungsten and tungsten carbides by CVD synthesis and the proposed mechanism of chemical transformations and crystallization processes[J].Materials Letters,2018,228(1):164-167.
• [8]LI H,WURSTER S,MOTZ C,et al.Dislocation-core symmetry and slip planes in tungsten alloys:Ab initio calculations and microcantilever bending experiments[J].Acta Materialia,2012,60(2):748-758.
• [9]HU Y J,FELLINGER M R,BUTLER B G,et al.Solute-induced solid-solution softening and hardening in bcc tungsten[J].Acta Materialia,2017,141(1):304-316.
• [10]SUZUKI T,TAKEUCHI S,YOSHINAGA H.Dislocations in bcc metals and their motion[J].Dislocation Dynamics and Plasticity,1991:77-98.
• [11]PO G,CUI Y,RIVERA D,et al.A phenomenological dislocation mobility law for bcc metals[J].Acta Materialia,2016,119(1):123-135.
• [12]MüLLER A V,SCHLICK G,NEU R,et al.Additive manufacturing of pure tungsten by means of selective laser beam melting with substrate preheating temperatures up to 1000℃[J].Nuclear Materials and Energy,2019,19:184-188.
• [13]WEN S,WANG C,ZHOU Y,et al.High-density tungsten fabricated by selective laser melting:densification,microstructure,mechanical and thermal performance[J].Optics&Laser Technology,2019,116(1):128-138.
• [14]YAMAMOTO T,HARA M,HATANO Y.Effects of fabrication conditions on the microstructure,pore characteristics and gas retention of pure tungsten prepared by laser powder bed fusion[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2021,95:105410.
• [15]REN X,LIU H,LU F,et al.Effects of processing parameters on the densification,microstructure and mechanical properties of pure tungsten fabricated by optimized selective laser melting:From single and multiple scan tracks to bulk parts[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2021,96:105490.
• [16]TAN C,ZHOU K,MA W,et al.Selective laser melting of high-performance pure tungsten:parameter design,densification behavior and mechanical properties[J].Science and Technology of Advanced Materials,2018,19(1):370-380.
• [17]BRAUN J,KASERER L,STAJKOVIC J,et al.Molybdenum and tungsten manufactured by selective laser melting:Analysis of defect structure and solidification mechanisms[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2019,84:104999.
• [18]WANG D,YU C,ZHOU X,et al.Dense pure tungsten fabricated by selective laser melting[J].Applied Sciences,2017,7(4):430-442.
• [19]SIDAMBE A T,TIAN Y,PRANGNELL P B,et al.Effect of processing parameters on the densification,microstructure and crystallographic texture during the laser powder bed fusion of pure tungsten[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2019,78(1):254-263.
• [20]GUO M,GU D,XI L,et al.Selective laser melting additive manufacturing of pure tungsten:Role of volumetric energy density on densification,microstructure and mechanical properties[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2019,84:105025.
• [21]XIONG Z,ZHANG P,TAN C,et al.Selective laser melting and remelting of pure tungsten[J].Advanced Engineering Materials,2020,22:1901352.
• [22]GU D D,GUO M,ZHANG H M,et al.Effects of laser scanning strategies on selective laser melting of pure tungsten[J].International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing,2020,2:025001.
• [23]WANG D Z,LI K L,YU C F,et al.Cracking behavior in additively manufactured pure tungsten[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters),2018,32(1):127-135.
• [24]LI K,WANG D,XING L,et al.Crack suppression in additively manufactured tungsten by introducing secondary-phase nanoparticles into the matrix[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2019,79(1):158-163.
• [25]LI K,MA G,XING L,et al.Crack suppression via in-situ oxidation in additively manufactured W-Ta alloy[J].Materials Letters,2020,263:127212.
• [26]REN C,FANG Z Z,KOOPMAN M,et al.Methods for improving ductility of tungsten-a review[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2018,75:170-183.
• [27]TRINKLE D R,WOODWARD C.The chemistry of deformation:how solutes soften pure metals[J].Science,2005,310(5754):1665-1667.
• [28]YAMAMOTO T,HARA M,HATANO Y.Cracking behavior and microstructural,mechanical and thermal characteristics of tungsten-rhenium binary alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2021,100:105651.
• [29]ECKLEY C C,KEMNITZ R A,FASSIO C P,et al.Selective laser melting of tungsten-rhenium alloys[J].JOM,2021,73(11):3439-3450.
• [30]WANG Z,WU H,WU Y,et al.Solving oxygen embrittlement of refractory high-entropy alloy via grain boundary engineering[J].Materials Today,2022,54:83-89.
• [31]KASERER L,BRAUN J,STAJKOVIC J,et al.Fully dense and crack free molybdenum manufactured by selective laser melting through alloying with carbon[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2019,84:105000.
• [32]ZHOU X,LIU X,ZHANG D,et al.Balling phenomena in selective laser melted tungsten[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2015,222(1):33-42.
• [33]YADROITSEV I,GUSAROV A,YADROITSAVA I,et al.Single track formation in selective laser melting of metal powders[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2010,210(12):1624-1631.
• [34]陈金瀚，赵聪聪，李恺伦，等.激光粉末床熔化钨-5%碳化钽的成形与裂纹控制[J].中国激光，2021,48(15):212-221.CHEN Jinhan,ZHAO Congcong,LI Kailun,et al.Formability and controlling of cracks in laser powder bed fusion of tungsten-5%tantalum carbide alloys[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2021,48(15):1502006.
• [35]CHEN J H,ZHAO C C,LI K L,et al.Effect of Ta C addition on microstructure and microhardness of additively manufactured tungsten[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2022,897:162978.
• [36]MULLINS W W,SEKERKA R F.Stability of a planar interface during solidification of a dilute binary alloy[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1964,35(2):444-451.
• [37]LUO A,JACOBSON D L,SHIN K S.Solution softening mechanism of iridium and rhenium in tungsten at room temperature[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,1991,10:107-114.
• [38]ECKLEY C C,KEMNITZ R A,FASSIO C P,et al.Selective laser melting of tungsten-rhenium alloys[J].JOM,2021,73(11):3439-3450.